Chapter 10The Price of AbstractionPaid chapter

Generics: GCShape Stenciling and What Go Actually Does

Inspect generic shapes and dictionaries and measure the actual operations that survive compilation.

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What this chapter teaches

Common belief

Generics are zero-cost, like C++ templates — the compiler stamps out a specialized copy for every type, so there's never overhead.

What actually happens

Go emits implementations by shape and supplies dictionaries with type-specific information. Different types can share code when their shapes and required operations permit it. Dictionaries also exist for value-shaped instantiations; runtime cost depends on wrappers, inlining, and whether the body uses dictionary entries.

Mechanisms covered
Both value and pointer instantiations can have dictionaries; metadata alone does not establish a slowdown.
Constraints determine legal operations and instantiations; pointer types do not satisfy cmp.Ordered.
compile + benchcompilebench
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